WORKING OF TOUCH SCREEN....!

                                                 A touch screen is an electronic visual dispay that the user can control through simple or multi-touch gestures by touching the screen with one or more fingers.Some touchscreens can also detect objects such as stylus  or ordinary or specially coated gloves.The user can use the touchscreen to react to what is displayed and to control how it is displayed.   

                      Touch screen is very amazing invention which reduces the space occupied by the keypad in the mobile gadgets. As a result the gadgets are being more compact in size and the display is being bigger. Touch screen has become so popular that most of the new gadgets being launched is using a touch sensible display.

                      After using a touch sensible display a tech geek would wonder how is this working? What type of circuitry is used in this display? I would tell you how touch screen works in this article.

                      A touch screen is a two dimensional sensing device which is made of two sheets of material separated by small spacers. Generally a sheet of glass is used as a bottom layer and a sheet of Polyethylene(PET) is used as a top layer. Polyethylene is a flexible material.

                      These two sheets are covered with a resistive substance which is usually a metal compound named Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). Thin layer of ITO is uniformly spreaded onto each glass and PET layer. Small bumps named spacer dots are added onto the glass over the resistive coating. This spacer dots creates space between two layers and prevents accidental or a false touch.

                      When someone touches the display, the PET film is pressed down so the two resistive surfaces touch each other which completes the circuit. The position of this touch can be calculated by a touch screen controller circuit.The controller circuit uses two dimensional system to determine the point of touch. 

HOW TO MAKE DECISIONS....

                                      “Life is the sum of all your choices.” – Albert Camus

We make decisions every day; everything we say and do is the result of a decision, whether we make it consciously or not. For every choice, big or small, there's no easy formula for making the right decision. The best you can do is to approach it from as many perspectives as possible and then choose a course of action that seems reasonable and balanced at that time.

Before you begin try some deep breathing:
                               It helps clear your mind so that you are calmly figuring out the solution, instead of  worrying about outcomes.
List your options:

                              we should not think that there is only one solution to a problem,there are many. Even if your situation seems limited, try to make a list of alternatives.write down all the ideas that strike your brain to find a solution.even if the idea is crazy,dont bother about that.sometimes a crazy idea can bring out excellent solution to a problem which you never expect. Sometimes strangers can offer the most creative ideas because they do not share your assumptions or biases.

Weigh the possible outcomes:

                            * for every option,list the possible outcomes whether it is positive or not.For every scenario, think about whether the best possible outcome is worth accepting the risk of the worst possible outcome. If the worst possible outcome is completely unacceptable to you, meaning that you could never forgive yourself if it happens, then you probably shouldn't make that decision.

                             * Consider which option will encounter the most resistance and why. Significant difficulty in implementing a decision can sometimes outweigh the benefits of the outcome, depending on the situation. Other times, it's the most resisted decision that would make the biggest difference.

Make a choice. 

                              This is, of course, the hardest step, but there will hopefully be a decision on your list that is backed up by both logic and intuition. It should have more plus signs than negative signs, and it should have your intuition's approval. If things don't match up clearly, though,ask for advice from people you trust. This can be a good tie-breaker.

                               *No matter which decision you make, be prepared to accept responsibility for every outcome. If things don't work out, it's always better to have made a conscious decision than to have been careless. At least you can say that you did the best you could.

                               *If you can, make a backup plan in preparation for any negative outcome. think ahead. The best decision makers aren't people who never make mistakes; they're people who hope for the best and prepare for the worst.

Implement your decision wholeheartedly and joyfully

                               Once you have made a decision, implement it totally. At this stage, don't be confused by thinking about the other potential alternatives that you did not pick.

Evaluate your decision. 

                                This is the most important step. If you don't evaluate your decision afterward, you won't learn anything from it. Ask yourself whether the outcome was what you expected. Would you do it again? What do you know now that you didn't know before? How would you turn this lesson learned into advice? By drawing insight and wisdom from every decision you make, you can ensure that every choice has at least one positive outcome.

HOW TO KEEP THE COMPUTERS VIRUS FREE.....

One of the most important things everyone -- even Mac users -- needs to do with a computer is to make sure it is as secure from viruses, phishing scams, and other 'net threats as possible. No matter how often you practice safe browsing habits or think twice before clicking on a random link in your e-mail, you'd be surprised how often even the most cautious of folks can be caught off guard, which is why you need to have some basic security measures in place to protect you (and your computer), should something slip past. We've boiled it down to five basic steps that everyone -- even the computer and 'Net-threat-savvy -- should take to make sure that their PC and personal data are safe. 

1. Get an anti-virus program 
It doesn't matter whether you opt for a free product like AVG Free or the new Microsoft Security Essentials, or spend the money on a commercial product like Norton Internet Security or Kaspersky Internet Security. What's important is that you get yourself some virus protection that has a few basic features -- live protection (a real-time shield that will protect whatever you're working on at the moment, not just scheduled scans), and a behavior-based detection engine that looks for software that is acting suspiciously. All quality anti-virus programs -- even the free ones -- have these essential features. Primarily what you get with a paid product is a more polished interface (the previously mentioned AVG Free is ugly as sin and sometimes confusing) and better integration with other security tools, so you don't have to run separate updates on various pieces of security software. 

Once you pick an anti-virus program, make sure that it is scheduled to download updates and run a quick scan once a day. Set it to run in the middle of the night at, say, 3 a.m., so it won't interfere with your other computing activities. 

Commercial options usually come as part of complete security suites, which can address our next tip....

2. Set up a firewall 

Firewalls control the flow of data into and out of your PC and are essential for keeping out hackers. Most importantly, they prevent any malware (bad programs with viruses and the like) you might accidentally pick up from sending out your personal data over the Internet.

Both Windows and Mac OS X both come with a basic firewall pre-installed. You can access Windows Firewall in Vista and Windows 7 by going to Control Panel -> System and Security -> Windows Firewall,or in Windows XP by going Control Panel -> Security Center -> Windows Firewall. In Mac OS X, the firewall options are located in System Prefs -> Security -> Firewall. At the very least, make sure you have these basic firewalls turned on. 

For Windows users, there are also free options like ZoneAlarm and Comodo, which are standalone packages that offer stronger protection against intrusion and more advanced options for controlling what programs are allowed to send or receive data than the aforementioned built-in Windows firewalls. Paid Internet security suites (like Norton and Kapersky) also pack firewalls that are tightly integrated into the anti-virus and other security tools, meaning there is one less piece of software to worry about updating and learning to use. 

3. Install a spyware/malware removal tool
Speaking of malware, there are plenty of threats and annoyances out there besides viruses, including spyware (which tracks what you do and where you go online), adware (software that bombards you with unwanted pop-up ads and the like), key-loggers (software that logs all your keystrokes, making it easy to snag your passwords and other personal information) and more. Most anti-virus applications, especially the paid ones, include some form of malware removal, but we strongly recommend you get a dedicated tool... or two. Apps like SpyBot and MalwareBytes are much better at removing and protecting against spyware than a multi-function program, so you'll want one regardless of what other security software you have installed. 

As an added bonus, some apps, such as SpyBot, are able to immunize your PC against certain malware apps permanently, and will alert you anytime something attempts to make changes to your systems registry -- one of the major ways such malware hijacks your PC. This is a feature often missing from anti-virus programs, particularly free ones. 

4. Don't use an administrative account

Administrator accounts on your computer should only used when you want to make big changes to your system, or install new software. At all other times you should be using 'standard user' accounts when you're logging into and using your computer. 

Luckily, Linux and OS X require a password anytime you want to make changes to the computer, andWindows 7 and Vista by default use "standard user" accounts when creating new accounts. Windows XP, on the other hand, defaults to an administrative user account, which allows unfettered access to the inner workings of the OS and makes it easier for malware and hackers to hijack your PC and steal data, or make potentially disastrous changes to your OS and files. If you're on Windows XP, make sure you create and switch over to a standard user account for all activities other than installing software.

Of course, since you need your administrative account to install stuff, then you'll need to follow or last essential tip....

5. Choose a strong password
This is one of the most important steps to take in securing your computer or other accounts. A strong password will help keep your data safe not just from hackers, but also in the unfortunate circumstance that your laptop is stolen. 

We recommend you pick a password with a minimum of 12 characters, but more is even better. Your password should include capital letters, lowercase letters, punctuation, numbers, and special characters. You should also avoid dictionary words, pets names, birthdays, or any other personal info that people could easily glean from a social networking site. Also try and add some variety by using numbers in place of letters (3=E, 5=S). 

If you want to be especially secure, use a different password for every account you have. Develop a formula for creating unique passwords. Here's an example: 

Start with a base, just as an example we'll use "home." Swap a few letters for numbers: h0m3. Then add the first letter of the service (e-mail, IM) or site (Facebook, banks, etc) the password is for and the number of letters in the name to the front -- we'll use the generic e-mail: e5h0m3. Then tack on the middle letter of the service name and the number of letters in your last name to the end of the password: e5h0m3a6. Lastly, capitalize a couple of those letters: e5H0m3A6. 

Now you have a seemingly random password that should be easy for you to remember (if you can just remember the above 'system'). Just pick a longer base word than "home." You can also use a password management program like KeePass, 1Password, or RoboForm to help you keep track of all those passwords in case you have trouble memorizing them. 

INDIAN SCIENTISTS

If you hear the word Scientists, the first thought that will flash in your memory is Einsteins, Newtons, Rutherfords, Bohrs, Edisons and so on.. But there are a lot of scientists out here in India who made India proud among the countries of the world. Knowing about them is inevitable for us, especially the youngsters…. So let us have a quick glance about them…………..

Prafulla Chandra Ray

1861-1944

Famous academician and chemist, known for being the founder of Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals, India’s first pharmaceutical company.

Salim Ali

1896-1987

Naturalist who helped develop Ornithology; also known as the “birdman of India”.

Srinivasa Ramanujan

1887-1920

Mathematician known for his brilliant contributions to contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series and continued fractions.

C. V. Raman

1888-1970

Physicist who won Nobel Prize in 1930 for his Raman Effect.

Homi Jehangir Bhabha

1909-1966

Theoretical physicist; best known as the chief architect of the Indian atomic energy program.

Jagadish Chandra Bose

1858-1937

Physicist, biologist and archaeologist who pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics.

Satyendra Nath Bose

1894-1974

Mathematician and physicist; best known for his collaboration with Albert Einstein in formulating a theory related to the gaslike qualities of electromagnetic radiation.

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

 born 1931

Known for his crucial role in the development of India’s missile and nuclear weapons programs.

Har Gobind Khorana

1922-2011

Biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1968 for demonstrating how the nucleotides in nucleic acids control the synthesis of proteins.

S.S. Abhyankar

 born 1930

Mathematician; famous for his outstanding contributions to algebraic geometry.

Meghnad Saha

1893-1956

Astrophysicist who developed the Saha equation, which explains chemical and physical conditions in stars.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

1910-1995

Astrophysicist won the Nobel Prize in 1983 for his research on the evolutionary stages of massive stars.

Raj Reddy

 born 1937

A.M. Turing Award-winning computer scientist, best known for his work related to large scale artificial intelligence systems.

Birbal Sahni

1891-1949

Paleobotanist known for his research on the fossils of the Indian subcontinent.

Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis

1893-1972

Statistician and physicist who founded the Indian Statistical Institute.

TOEFL AND GRE

                                                         
Some facts about toefl and gre........
 

                                                        You need to take the TOEFL exam to prove that you have the required english level to study in an english speaking environment. Beside the TOEFL test some universities ask the student to take the TSE (Test of Spoken English) specially if you are offered a teaching assistant position or the TWE (Test of Written English). The majority of the universities however don't need these two tests.
                                                        You will not be able to get a visa if your TOEFL score is less than 550 (at least this is the case for Canada). However, the universities have even higher requirments. If you score more than 600 then you are more or less safe. If you are not sure of your ability then take the exam a little bit early so that you have the chance to take it a second time if your score is low. Note however that TOEFL scores are valid only for two years so don't take it too early.
GRE are on the other hand valid for 5 years. But GRE scores have another problem: all your test history is indicated on the score sheet. So if you are not yet ready for GRE, don't enter it and get a bad score since it will always appear in your score sheet.
                                                        GRE has a general test divided into 3 parts (verbal, quantitative and analytical) and several subject tests. The majority of the universities do not require the engineering subject test. Actually it is a very general test in basic engineering (fluids, thermodynamics, civil, electrical power, electronics, mechanics, ...). So to enter it you must study again everything you was tought in first and second year of the faculty which is not an easy task :-). Since it is so general the universities don't think it shows your ability to do postgraduate research in a specific field. On the other hand if you plan to go for computer `science' (not engineering) you will generally have to do a subject test in CS.
                                                       One thing to note is that GRE is strongly required by a wide majority of US univerisities and nearly totally ignored by Canadian universities. Anyway the more or less acceptable scores are: more than 750/800 for the quantitative part, this is quite easy for us engineers; more than 700/800 for the analytical, this is not hard to accomplish also and more than 400/800 for the verbal. This last part (verbal) is really the hardest to fulfill and usually the universities require higher scores but the egyptian english level (at least what I saw here at CUFE) does not exceed this score very much.
                                                       Don't worry if your scores are less than the above mentioned grades for TOEFL and GRE, universities can and do accept students having scores less than the published requirments. This, however, depends strongly on your other qualities (field of research, recommendation letters, availability of funding, a faculty professor who knows you personnaly, ...).